Tracking Mechanisms of Viral Dissemination In Vivo

The zebrafish model allows in vivo investigations of virus-induced molecular processes at subcellular resolution.Viruses have evolved multiple strategies for disseminating over long distance, including by indoctrinating host cell types with high migration potential.Organoids derived from stem cells emerge as powerful alternatives to unravel new mechanisms viral dissemination. Dissemination and replication viruses into hosts is a multistep process where particles infect, navigate, indoctrinate various types. Viruses can reach tissues that are distant their infection site subverting ways are, sometimes, disruptive. Modeling these steps, appropriate resolution within animal models, cumbersome. Yet, mimicking vitro fails recapitulate the complexity cellular ecosystem. Here, we will discuss relevant platforms dissect programs governing dissemination briefly organoid ex alternatives. We focus on describe how it provides transparent window vivo. To disseminate hosts, pathogens had evolve navigate complex three-dimensional environments cannot be fully recapitulated two-dimensional monolayer culture. They deploy stratagems hijack resident stromal favor replication. While or useful, either through use organoids tissue explants (Box 1), established models systems unraveling favoring Cell biologists adapted platforms, such embryos mice, develop exciting approaches allowing dissection foster spreading. More recently, culture human embryonic induced pluripotent been developed study multidimensional settings 1). bacterial was recently reviewed [1.Torraca V. Mostowy S. Zebrafish infection: pathogenesis biology.Trends Biol. 2018; 28: 143-156Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar], aim here discussing recent work related biology virus vivo, list current technical limitations, propose future developments.Box 1Alternatives Animal ModelsWith ethical concerns regarding research, non-animal 3D developed. 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Alternatively, apply CLEM [38.Karreman al.Intravital microscopy: life nanoscale.Trends 26: 848-863Abstract (68) capture discovery viruses. reported strain expresses GFP interferon-stimulated promoter. discovering testing impact vertebrate [39.Balla K.M. al.Linking visualized during infections.Curr. 2092-2103Abstract (20) Scholar].Outstanding QuestionsCan become dissemination?Can super-resolution applied (or zebrafish) resolution?Will replace animal-based future?Can single particle spatio-temporal resolution? Can dissemination? Will future? thank all members Labs helpful discussions. funded institutional funds CNRS R.G INSERM University Strasbourg enveloped single-stranded positive-sense (Togaviridae family). object (cellular, subcellular) sample photonic microscopy. fibers forming ‘net’ primarily composed neutrophils. phenomenons living organisms. double-stranded (Herpesviridae nonenveloped (Caliciviridae negative-sense (Rhabdoviridae (Orthomyxoviridae nonspecific defense immediate long-lasting pathogen. active. part attacks lipid bilayer membranes. (Coronaviridae (Poxviridae tissues. (Flaviviridae